The St. Louis Family

St. Louis Globe-Democrat

St. Louis Post-Dispatch

St. Louis Magazine, May 1989, "The Bully of the Mob", by Ronald J. Lawrence

Farrell, Ronald A. and Carole Case The Black Book and the Mob 1995 University of Wisconsin Press

Kefauver, Estes Crime in America 1951 Doubleday & Company, Inc.

The following individuals contributed to this article:

Walter M. Fontane, organized crime historian

Ronald J. Lawrence, retired investigative journalist for the St. Louis Post-Dispatch

Barbara Miksicek, librarian for the St. Louis Police Library

Charles R. Molino, organized crime historian