Genetic Violence: Robert an Stephen Spahalski

Anderson, Gail. Biological Influences on Criminal Behavior. CRC Press, 2007.

Craig, Gary. "Mirror Images Reflect Twin Lives of Violence, Democrat & Chronicle, Dec. 15, 2005.

"Spahalski Brother to Stay in Prison, Democrat & Chronicle, March 15, 2006.

"Arrest Saddens Suspect's Twin," Democrat & Chronicle,

Flasch, Jane. "Serial Killer Faces New Murder Charges," 13Wham.com., January 3, 2006.

—"Spahalski Found Guilty of Four Murders," 13Wham.com, Nov. 13, 2006.

—"Killer Twins," 13Wham.com, December 15, 2006.

—"Killer Gets 100 Years in Prison," 13Wham.com, Dec. 13, 2006.

Glatt, John. Evil Twins. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999.

Jones, Caitlin. "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Criminal Behavior," personalityresearch.org, Feb 2005.

"Jury Deliberations Start in Trial of Accused Serial Killer," wstm.com, Nov. 17, 2006.

Lykken, David. The Antisocial Personalities. Hillsdale, NJ; Lawrence Erlbaum, 1995.

New York v. Robert Bruce Spahalski, 2005 Indictment.

New York v. Robert Bruce Spahalski, August 22, 2006. Decision on Suppression Motion

Orr, Steve, Patrick Flanagan, et al. "Hustler Unveils Deadly Intent, Democrat & Chronicle, November 13, 2005.

Orr, Steve, Jeffrey Blackwell, Greg Livadas, "Police Say 50-Year-old Man Could be Linked to Multiple Slayings," Democrat & Chronicle, Nov. 10, 2005.

Rhee, S.H., Waldman, I.D., "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Antisocial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of Twin and Adoption Studies," Psychological Bulletin, May 2002.

"Spahalski Case Could get Thrown out Before Trial even begins," WROCTV.com, June 5, 2006.

Taylor, J., et al. "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Psychopathy Trait Dimensions in a Community Sample of Male Twins," Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, December 2003.

Ziegler, Michael. "Jury Convicts Elmira Native in Four Murders," Star-Gazette, November 14, 2006.

  —"Spahalski Pleads Not Guilty in Four Slayings," Star-Gazette, 2005.